Hamiltonian and distance replica exchange method studies of Met-enkephalin.

The conformational states of the zwitterionic form of the pentapeptide Met-enkephalin were explored with the use of explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD). The N and C termini are ionized, as appropriate to polar solvent conditions, and consequently, there is a competition between open forms driven by polar solvation of the ammonium and carboxylate groups and closed forms driven by their salt-bridge formation. Normal MD started from an open state does not sample closed conformations. Sampling was enhanced with a distance replica exchange method (DREM) and with a Hamiltonian replica exchange method (HREM). The potential of mean force (PMF) along an end-to-end distance reaction coordinate was obtained with the DREM. The PMF shows a stable salt-bridge state and the presence of a large region of open states, as hypothesized for conformationally promiscuous small opiate peptides. The HREM systems differ by scaling the peptide-peptide and peptide-solvent electrostatic and Lennard-Jones potentials, with the goal of improving the sampling efficiency with a limited number of systems. A small number of systems were found to be sufficient to sample closed and open states. A principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the HREM-generated fluctuations are dominated by the first two principal modes. The first corresponds to the end-to-end reaction coordinate found in the DREM, and the first mode PMF is similar to the DREM PMF. The second mode describes the presence of two conformations, both of which correspond to the salt-bridge state distance. The conformers differ in the values of neighboring psi and phi dihedral angles, since such psi/phi compensation can still produce the same end-to-end distance. The two-dimensional PMF constructed from the first two PCA modes captures most of the significant backbone conformational space of Met-enkephalin.